What is GDP Per Capita?

GDP per capita is an indicator, used by many countries to indicate the overall growth and development of a country. It is calculated by dividing GDP by the population of the country. It is studied under Macroeconomics, and is related to national accounts.

"It's time we admitted that there's more to life than money, and it's time we focused not just on GDP but on GWB - general well being."

- David Cameron (2006)
Gross Domestic Product or GDP is the total market value of all the final products and services, produced during a specific time period in a country. It is considered to be the foremost parameter of standard of living of a country.

GDP includes government purchases and investments, trade balance (the difference between exports and imports), and consumption. GDP per capita is derived by dividing the gross domestic product by the population of a country. It is used as an indicator of standard of living, while making a comparison between two countries.

According to the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia;

Gross domestic product (GDP), total market value of the goods and services produced by a nation's economy during a specific period of time. GDP is customarily reported on an annual basis. It is defined to include all final goods and services - that is, those that are produced by the economic resources located in that nation regardless of their ownership and are not resold in any form. GDP differs from gross national product (GNP), which is defined to include all final goods and services produced by resources owned by that nation's residents, whether located in the nation or elsewhere.

Simon Kuznets, a Russian American Economist, developed gross domestic product. It was for the 1934 US Congress Report. Many scholars and critics, and Simon Kuznets himself have argued, that economic components that are included in calculating GDP per capita are unscientific, and lack various critical aspects of the economy. Nevertheless, in almost all countries, it is used as a benchmark for measuring a nation's economic progress.

GDP Per Capita
As mentioned earlier, GDP per capita is the value of goods and services consumed by every person in a country. The higher the GDP, the better standard of living. However, this implies only theoretically. The reason behind it, is that there are several factors that are included while calculating GDP. These factors, however, may not be related to a person's income. Thus, GDP per capita is an indicator, and not an exact measurement of standard of living. It is to be understood that there is a drastic difference between GDP and GDP per capita. GDP of China, for instance, is very close to that of US economy, however, GDP per capita of China falls way behind US, due to the huge population of China!

Reporting GDP in USA
In the United States, the Commerce Department releases the GDP report for previous quarter, on the last date of the present quarter at 8:30 AM EST. The GDP is reported in two formats viz., current dollar and constant dollar.

The market value of goods and services, produced in terms of value of today's dollar, is known as Current Dollar GDP. It is used on foreign exchange markets by the traders. However, due to inflation, the Current Dollar GDP is not practicable, as it renders the comparison between two time periods, difficult.

Constant Dollar GDP, on the other hand, converts the current market value into the value of some standard time period or era. This assists in comparing the GDP between two different time periods. Constant Dollar GDP is also known as Real GDP.

Calculating GDP of a Country
To understand the calculation of GDP per capita, it is first important to see how GDP is calculated. There are three ways of determining GDP, and they should yield the same result, at least in theory.

Product Approach: It refers to the total value of goods and services for one year. It is also called Net Value Added or Net Product method.

Formula:
Gross Value of Output - Value of Intermediate Consumption = Net Value Added

It is calculated for each sector, according to the economic activities. The sum of all such Sectoral Net Value Added gives GDP at Factor Cost.

To calculate GDP at Producer Cost, the difference between Indirect taxes and Government Subsidies are added to GDP at Factor Cost.

Income Approach: It refers to the total income of every individual of a country, during one year. It is also known as Gross Domestic Income, and ideally should be equal to the GDP calculated by Expenditure Approach. To calculate GDI, the following are added:
Income of farmers
Wages, compensation, salary or labor charges
Interest from investments
Income from non-agricultural businesses
Corporate profits
After adjusting for depreciation, the indirect taxes and subsidies, the GDP at Producer Cost is derived.

Expenditure Approach: It is an accounting method, that determines the total output of a nation by finding the amount of money spent.

Swollen Lymph Node Behind Ear

Swelling of the lymph nodes is often the sign of an infection, which can be bacterial, viral or fungal. This write-up provides information on what causes swelling of the lymph nodes that are located behind the ear, along with the associated symptoms, and treatment options.

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and ducts, that are responsible for bringing interstitial fluid (fluid that exists outside the blood vessels) back into the circulatory system. The lymph nodes are a part of this system, and are associated with the filtration of lymph and production of antibodies. They also produce macrophages, a type of phagocytes that engulf and digest debris and microorganisms. Thus, they defend the body against infectious agents like viruses and bacteria, and get rid of toxins as well as particulate matter.

A lymph node or gland is usually a small bean-shaped lump of tissue, that contain white blood cells. They are present throughout the body, singly or in groups, and each group is concerned with draining a particular area of the body. Groups of lymph nodes can be found in the neck, groin, behind the ears, and under the armpits. The lymph nodes that are more likely to be affected by lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), are those found under the armpits, neck, groin, under the chin or jaw, and around the ears.

Ear Lymph Nodes

Two groups of lymph nodes can be found around the ears, one group is located in front of each ear, and the other can be found behind the ears. The group of lymph nodes found in front of the ears is known as preauricular nodes, while the group found behind the ears are the posterior auricular lymph nodes.

Causes of Enlarged Lymph Nodes

▶▶ In general, lymph nodes enlarge when our body is fighting an infection, which can be localized or systemic. When a person suffers from an infection, the lymph nodes increase the production of antibodies in order to destroy the infectious agents. But, in the process, the lymph nodes of some areas may enlarge. Localized infection causes lymph nodes of that particular area to swell, while systemic infection can manifest in swollen lymph glands throughout the body.

▶▶ Swollen lymph nodes behind the ear, in particular, can be associated with an eye infection, upper respiratory infection, or an infection around the scalp. Ear infections can be another reason behind the enlargement of lymph nodes located around the ears and neck. Sometimes, injury to the lymph nodes can also cause them to enlarge.

▶▶ Lymph nodes can swell due to diseases like common cold and flu. These conditions can cause swelling of several lymph nodes, but more commonly, the lymph nodes located on either side of the neck and under the jaw, along with those found behind the ears.

▶▶ German measles is caused by the rubella virus, and this viral infection is known to produce a distinctive red or pink rash that first appears on the face, and then spreads to the trunk, arms and legs. In addition to skin rash, one can develop swollen and tender lymph nodes behind the ears, back of the neck, and at the base of the skull, due to this viral infection.

▶▶ Generalized swelling of the lymph nodes throughout the body may have an association with conditions like HIV infection or AIDS, and fungal and parasitic infections. An allergic reaction to certain substances, medicines, or food, may also cause the lymph nodes of different areas to enlarge.

▶▶ Sometimes, this swelling can be associated with cancer. It can be the result of an accumulation of cancerous or malignant cells inside the lymph nodes. More commonly, lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer of the lymph tissues) can cause enlargement of the nodes. Apart from lymphoma, leukemia (blood cancer), and throat cancer can cause lymph node enlargement as well.

▶▶ Other possible causes of swollen glands or lymph nodes include, shingles, an abscessed tooth, strep throat, herpes, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Immune system disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, mononucleosis, measles, tuberculosis, and cat scratch fever, are some of the less-common causes of lymph node swelling.

Associated Symptoms

The symptoms that accompany an enlarged lymph node can vary to a great extent, depending upon the actual causes. Nevertheless, some of the common symptoms that one can experience with the swollen glands are:
Pain and tenderness, which can be felt when pressure is applied on the swollen nodes.
Fever, which is a sign of an infection.
Problem in swallowing due to painful swollen nodes.
Earache, if the swelling is caused by an infection or injury to the nodes.
Redness and warmth in the area where the nodes are swollen.
Runny nose and sore throat (if the swelling is associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract).
Some swollen lymph nodes are soft, while others can be hard and rubbery. Soft lymph nodes that can be moved easily can indicate an infection or inflammation. But, hard and rubbery nodes that do not move and don't result in any pain, may be associated with an underlying disease that needs medical attention. Lymph nodes that are growing in size also calls for proper evaluation by a health care practitioner.

Diagnosis and Treatment

A detailed study of the swollen nodes is usually carried out by the physician, in order to find out the actual cause. A physical examination commonly involves the study of the texture and size of the node. Sometimes, an X-ray is also taken out to determine the nature of the swelling. The treatment will vary depending on the cause:
The treatment of a bacterial infection usually involves the administration of antibiotics.
In severe cases, intravenous administration of antibiotic drugs might be required.
If a person has developed an allergic reaction, doctors would recommend the use of antihistamines and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Painkillers would be prescribed if the swelling is accompanied by pain.
In case of autoimmune diseases, the use of immunosuppressants may be recommended by the physician.
Once the infection has been resolved, the affected lymph node will shrink back to its original size. If the swelling persists for a long time, then the doctor might conduct a CT scan or a lymph node biopsy to rule out medical conditions like cancer or lymphoma. Extensive treatment would be required if a person is diagnosed with cancer.

Sluggish Liver Symptoms

In its initial stages, a sluggish liver causes very little harm, frequently causing it to be left undiagnosed. However, neglect can lead to severe repercussions, including a host of other ailments. Fortunately, there are numerous symptoms that indicate a sluggish liver, and in this article we cover some of them.

The liver is the largest organ of the body, and is located below the diaphragm, in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It performs several important functions, some of which are vital for good health. Detoxification of the blood, protein synthesis, excretion of bilirubin, hormones, cholesterol, drugs, and production of bile, an alkaline compound which helps in digestion through the emulsification of lipids, are some of the important functions that the liver performs. The liver also helps in the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors.

Sluggish Liver Causes

A sluggish liver is a condition wherein the liver works below capacity, or inefficiently. This can happen due to various reasons, like accumulation of fats in the liver cells (obesity), or liver fatigue (poor diet rich in fats, making the liver work harder). Lack of exercise can also be a cause of a sluggish liver. Other factors that can cause this condition include:
Alcoholism
Obesity
Diabetes
Drug intake (corticosteroids, tetracycline and aspirin)
Elevated serum triglyceride levels
Aging
Excessive consumption of anabolic steroids/estrogens/oral contraceptives
In addition to these, intrahepatic problems, which occur due to over exposure to food additives, solvents (cleaning materials, formaldehyde, toluene, benzene, etc.), heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, and aluminum), and other toxins, can also cause a sluggish liver. Viral infections of the liver, like hepatitis; inherited disorders, like Gilbert's syndrome; and hyperthyroidism are some other factors that can restrict the bile flow in the liver and cause impaired liver function.

Associated Symptoms

Though there is not much harm done in the initial stages of a sluggish liver, it is important to diagnose and treat the condition immediately. If left untreated, it can cause impairment of liver function, and lead to severe disorders of the body.

There are various symptoms that show as a result of a sluggish liver. The most common symptoms are discussed below.

Abnormalities in the Level of Fats in the Bloodstream
One of the main functions of the liver is to maintain the level of fats in the bloodstream. For an average person, approximately 80% of the cholesterol is generated by the liver. A sluggish liver can cause:
Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
Elevation in the triglycerides
Fatty tumors
Weight gain
Heart disease

Digestive Problems
Out of the many functions that the liver performs, the most important is to produce bile, which helps in digestion through the process of emulsification of lipids. A sluggish liver produces less bile, causing many digestion problems for the affected individual, including:
Bloating of the abdomen
Constipation
Inability to digest fatty foods
Loss of appetite

Skin Related Allergies
The liver plays an important role in eliminating toxins from the body, and maintaining the efficiency of the body's immune system. If the process of eliminating toxins is hampered, as is in the case of a sluggish liver, skin irritation or skin allergies occur, which are considered the first sign of liver damage. A person in such a case would develop:
Rashes
Psoriasis
Eczema
Boils, acne, or moles
Itching

Fluctuation in Blood Sugar Level
One of the main functions of the liver is to maintain the sugar level in the blood. A sluggish liver fails to do so, and would fluctuate the sugar levels to a great extent. In such a condition, a person would show symptoms such as:
Loss of appetite
Weakness or dizziness
Nausea
Vomiting
Low energy level
Fever
Abdominal pain

Hormonal Imbalance
The liver is responsible for filtering out mutated hormones. A person with a sluggish liver would be quite affected by the hormonal imbalance and would exhibit symptoms such as:
Sleep and mental disturbance
Mental confusion
Depression
Sensitivity to medicines
In case of women, hormonal imbalance due to a sluggish liver causes:
Heavy or clotted menstruation
Irregular periods
Fibroids in breast or uterus
Hot flashes
Cysts on ovaries
Mood swings or any menopausal problems

Bone Bruise Treatment

Bone bruise treatment involves use of micro-current therapy, medicines like acetaminophen and intake of supplements.

Bone bruise is a painful injury of the bone. Although a bone fracture may not occur in this type of injury, it often leads to bleeding around the bone area. During the injury, excessive pressure generated, damages a portion of the bone. Bone bruises are often a result of sports related injuries. The most commonly affected body parts that suffer from a bone bruise are knees, ankles and foot.

How to Treat Bone Bruise?

Rest
Adequate rest is a must to promote healing and prevent further complications. Too much movement puts undue pressure on the injured bone and aggravate the pain. So, if you want to resume your day-to-day activities as early as possible, make sure that the affected area is not subjected to repetitive stress.

Painkillers
In order to reduce the severity of the pain, painkillers like acetaminophen are very useful. NSAIDS such as ibuprofen that is available under the brand name Motrin and Advil are formulated to do the dual job of decreasing the swelling and the pain.

Ice Massage
An ice massage on the affected area can also help to relieve the pain. Rubbing ice cubes for 5-10 minutes three times a day is generally recommended to get rid of swelling. One should never apply ice cubes directly on the skin. Wrapping the ice cubes with a cloth and then applying it on the skin is often advised to prevent skin damage.

Micro-current Therapy
Micro-current therapy can also be applied to promote the healing process. In this procedure, a small quantity of electric current is passed through the affected portion of the body. This therapy is indeed very beneficial to relieve the pain and repair the damaged tissues. Any injury disrupts the body's electrical fields. Micro-current therapy produces electric signals that occur naturally, whenever the body is repairing the injured tissues. This therapy tries to mimic those electric signals to allow the bone to heal faster. An important point to note here is that the amount of electric current used is so small that the person undergoing the treatment hardly feels the current. Too much electricity is not used, ensuring that the body's defense mechanism is not affected. The therapy safely reduces the swelling and is effective even for chronic pains.

Braces
One may have to wear braces to provide additional support and stability to the injured tissue of the affected area. The intention is to prevent the injury from aggravating by reducing the pressure on the damaged area. For instance, a bone bruise that affects the knee-joint may require you to wear functional or rehabilitation knee braces. These braces reduce the recovery time, alleviate pain and moreover make the knee stronger. Wearing the brace or an ACE bandage is the best support that one can give to speed up healing. These braces also restrict movement, which is necessary to recover from the injury at the earliest.

Healthy Diet
Besides quitting smoking, you need to ensure that your diet is high on nutrition. Proper nutrition can play a significant role to hasten recovery. So, in order to speed up healing, follow a rainbow diet, which essentially means eating a variety of fruits and vegetables everyday. They are loaded with nutrition, hence display amazing healing powers. No wonder, fruits like guava, cherries and vegetables such as spinach, cabbage and carrots are referred to as healing foods.

Supplements
Bromelain an important constituent of fresh pineapples, is a protein digestive enzyme helpful to treat various injuries including bone bruise. Extracted from pineapples, bromelain available at various drugstores in tablet or capsule form, is an effective treatment for this type of bone injury. It can considerably reduce swelling and pain following a physical injury. Including vitamin K and vitamin C tablets can also improve the condition. This is because vitamin C supplements, also known as 'immune system building' medications, help to decrease the recovery time whereas vitamin K is essential for a healthy bone structure. Rubbing ointments that contain vitamin K can also benefit the bruised area.

Stop Smoking
To speed up healing, apart from taking bromelain, one should avoid smoking and chewing tobacco. This is because, tobacco products contain nicotine, a substance that causes the blood vessels to compress, in turn reducing the blood circulation to the injured area. Decreased blood flow means the amount of nutrients reaching the site of injury will also decrease drastically. As we all know, essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals play a crucial role to repair damaged tissue. Considering this fact, it is no surprise that bone bruise takes longer time to heal in smokers than in people who follow healthy habits.

Exercise
Once your pain has subsided substantially and you start feeling better, the doctor may recommend low impact exercises to facilitate healing and improve range of motion. For instance, non weight bearing exercises such as stationary biking and swimming can be helpful to reduce stiffness and promote flexibility of muscles connected to affected bones. However, in case you feel your pain is persistently worsening after following these exercises, it would be best to immediately stop these workout routines.

Caution

Avoid using aspirin and take ibuprofen with caution. Although aspirin acts as a painkiller, it is basically a blood thinner and reduces formation of clots. This can actually worsen bleeding at the site of injury. On the other hand, ibuprofen at high doses provides a strong blood thinning effect. So, take ibuprofen in low doses that too for a short duration of time to prevent any untoward side effects.

Symptoms

A bone bruise can be quite irritating. Common symptoms associated with bone bruise include intense pain, stiffness and swelling. In some cases, the skin color of the affected area becomes blackish blue. Change in weather conditions can aggravate the pain. If the knee bone is injured then the person finds it difficult to walk. Normal range of motion of the injured part is severely hampered.

The injury is a precursor to a bone fracture. In this type of injury the cortex of the bone is damaged. The cortex made up of osseous tissue, is a thick outer covering of the bones. The cortex consists of a very tough fiber known as the fiber collagen. In bone bruise only a small amount of damage happens to the bone, yet it can cause bleeding. Even though not a fracture, a bone bruise causes terrible pain that does not go away easily and is likely to last for months. Bone bruises also take time to heal as the injury affects the innermost part (medullary cavity) of the bone.

Diagnosing Bone Bruise

It is difficult to detect bone bruise with an X-ray. Although aforementioned symptoms may suggest a bone bruise, it is crucial to undergo a MRI scan for accurate diagnosis. In the past, with no invention of sophisticated diagnostic tools, bone bruise was wrongly diagnosed as a fracture.

Bone Bruise Healing Time

Of all the factors, the amount of damage inflicted is the most crucial one, in determining the length of healing time. In most cases, the inflammation and discolored appearance clears within a week or two but the pain is long-lasting and may take 6-12 weeks before you can freely move the bruised area. In some cases, the pain may take more than a year to completely go away. For instance, a serious bone bruise affecting the knee can cause difficulty walking for several months. In addition to severity of injury, repetitive strain caused by inadequate rest can also prolong the healing time.

Vodka Brands List

According to latest consumer reports, US alone witnessed the birth of more than 200 brands of vodkas in the last 5 years; just imagine the figure in other countries. For people who want to stock up their bar with the best vodka brands have landed at the right article. This page educates you about the most popular brands of vodka.

A clear and almost flavorless spirit, vodka was discovered some 600 years ago in Russia or Poland as per their claims. The term 'vodka' is a diminutive of the Slavic word Voda (water). Originally, vodka could only be distilled from potatoes but today various brands use grains, beets, rye, and wheat in its distillation. It is also the most widely consumed spirit in the world and is the preferred base for most cocktails.

At present, there are thousands of producers of vodka and every year many big names enter this market. The following vodka brands list contains the names of the most popular and preferred brands of vodka. These names can be seen at every bar or liquor shelf and can be identified by drinkers and non-drinkers alike. Most brands mentioned are noted for their smoothness and distinctive flavor.

Most Popular Vodkas

Absolut Vodka
Available at nearly every tavern, Absolut comes from Sweden and is a favorite among millions. It has its presence in almost every country in the world and offers a variety of flavors. No list of best vodka brands is complete without this name and it is an ideal choice for people who are looking for a drink which offers maximum smoothness and lightness. It is also a favorite base for most cocktails.
Belvedere Vodka
Belvedere is credited to produce one of the world's first super-premium vodkas, and it comes from the Polish town of Żyrardów. A fine Polish vodka, Belvedere is known for its great taste and its beautiful frosted bottle. It is named after Belweder, the Polish presidential palace and is one of the few brands to make flavored vodkas with real fruit. It mixes well with all spirits but is best preferred unadulterated.

Grey Goose Vodka
You just can't talk about vodka without mentioning Grey Goose. In addition to Absolut, Grey Goose is the only brand to have presence in over 100 countries. This self-proclaimed world's best tasting vodka comes from Western France and is made from the finest French wheat and natural spring water that is filtered with champagne limestone. It also features an impressive line of flavored vodkas in which La Poire is preferred the most.
Ketel One Vodka
One of the most premium vodka brands in the world, Ketel One is the product of 300 years of distilling experience by the Nolet family distillery in Schiedam, Holland. This vodka is made in small batches which are personally approved by the owner. Known globally for its insane smooth taste, flawless quality and traditional appearance, Ketel One symbolizes 10 generations of distilling perfection and is currently the most favored brand for cocktails.

Smirnoff Vodka
Other than being one of the highest selling vodka brands, Smirnoff is also called the "Common Man's Vodka". It is popular among restaurant and homes alike due to its affordable price. Although, its taste and smoothness can't be compared to premium vodkas, Smirnoff has a class of its own and is a preferred choice in making vodka based cocktails.
2NITE Vodka
Four times San Francisco World Spirits Competition Gold Medal winner, 2NITE Vodka comes from the land of Leonardo da Vinci. It is also one of the few 100% organic vodkas to abstain the use of caffeine and glycerin and claims to be a "No-Hangover" vodka. It undergoes advanced chromatography which helps in the removal of impurities that cause hangovers.

Other Honorable Mentions

Jean-Marc XO Vodka
Reyka Vodka
Ciroc Vodka
Finlandia
Xellent Swiss Vodka
Crystal Head Vodka
42 BELOW
Adnams Vodka
Artic Vodka
Boru Vodka
Xan Vodka
Magic Spirits Vodka
Polar Ice Vodka
Van Gogh Vodka
Three Olives Vodka
Stolichnaya Vodka
Chopin Vodka
Frïs Vodka
Gordon's Vodka
Iceberg Vodka
Square One Vodka
Kremlyovskaya Vodka
Vox Vodka
Three Olives Vodka
P.i.n.k Vodka
Monopolowa Vodka
Orloff Vodka
Tito's Handmade Vodka
Sobieski Vodka
Lotus Vodka
Łańcut Vodka
Vodka Oso Negro
Wyborowa Vodka
Zodiac Vodka
Snow Queen Vodka
SKYY Vodka
Svedka Vodka
Vodka 14
Bowman's Vodka
UV Vodka
Vodka 7000
Gdańska Vodka
Alberta Pure Vodka
V44 Vodka
Youri Dolgoruki Vodka
Ultimat Vodka
Nikolai Vodka
Perfect 1864
Level Vodka
Kauffman Vodka

Can Dogs Get Colds?

Colds in dogs are pretty common and are often caused by the various germs and viruses, just like in case of humans. The following article explains ways to treat common colds in dogs, and lists out other illnesses that produce similar symptoms as well.

Dogs can contract a cold by being in proximity with a dog who is already infected. Along with this, stress, low immunity levels, and inhospitable weather conditions can be additional contributing factors.

But most pet owners usually have trouble discerning a common cold from a serious ailment. To make things a little easy for you, we have here a list of symptoms indicating that your dog has a cold.

Symptoms of Common Cold in Dogs -
Coughing
Runny eyes
Yellowish-green discharge from the nose
Frequent sneezing
Lethargy
Can my dog catch a cold from me?
The answer is a resounding 'no'. Dogs can pass viruses among themselves, but a human-to-dog transmission is unlikely. This is because the virus that gets a dog down with a cold is different from the one that affects humans. Therefore, owners should not be concerned about either, passing this illness onto their pets, or contracting it from them.

Helping Your Dog Recover

Increasing Fluid Intake
If your dog has common cold, the simplest way to get rid of it is by feeding him/her lots of nutritious liquids. Chicken broth, for instance will work wonders for your dog too.

Steam Therapy
Try to get your dog to inhale steaming water which will unclog the sinuses. Bring over a tub of hot water, and gently lead the dog to inhale the vapors. Be careful not to allow the dog to go too close to the steaming water.

Boost Immunity
If your dog is prone to catching a cold, use preventive measures, like feeding him/her immunity-boosting food items. This in turn, will keep the germs and bacteria at bay, which can otherwise lead to a cold. A good immune system will ensure that the dog is better equipped to cope with fluctuations in the weather, which is also a common cause behind contracting a cold.

Vitamin Therapy
Vitamin therapies help in boosting a dog's immune system. Provide the dogs with vitamins A, C and E when he/she's suffering from a bout of cold. By including these vitamins in the diet, the immune system will become strong, enabling the dog to fight off most illnesses.

Cough Suppressant
If these home remedies don't work, call your vet about prescribing medication. Cough suppressants can be given to provide temporary relief. Although they may not be able to get rid of the symptoms entirely, they can be given to minimize the discomfort.

Preventive Measures
It would be a good idea to keep the dog indoors when the mercury dips. This is to protect the dog from getting out in an environment where it's easy to catch a cold. Cover your pet with a warm blanket to keep him/her warm during the winter months.

Other Respiratory Illnesses in Dogs

Canine Parainfluenza
This respiratory illness produces symptoms similar to common cold in humans. It is possible to treat canine parainfluenza with the use of home remedies in the early stages. If symptoms persist, you need to speak to the vet.

Kennel Cough
The symptoms of kennel cough include a harsh-sounding cough and discharge of phlegm. Kennel cough, in most cases, is caused by the Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria and Adenovirus type 2. Adenovirus type 2 is known to produce cold-like symptoms in dogs.

Pneumonia
Pneumonia in dogs occurs when the respiratory infection and cold do not resolve on their own, and are left untreated. Pneumonia causes an inflammation of the lungs and its symptoms include difficulty in breathing and chronic coughing. Dogs suffering from pneumonia need immediate medical care.

Canine Distemper
Canine distemper is a very grave illness, so ensure that your dog is vaccinated against this disease. It is highly infectious. Canine distemper produces symptoms such as coughing and sneezing along with gastrointestinal disturbance. It weakens the dog's immunity and can prove fatal.

Other Illnesses
In some rare cases, cold-like symptoms may be caused by certain parasites, which enter the heart and the lungs. Fungal infections, which occur when the fungal parasites get into the lungs, produce symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, etc.

If your dog's condition does not improve, and is accompanied by other symptoms such as dehydration, infrequent urination, poor appetite, vomiting, etc., and if the dog seems perpetually distressed, it is recommended you contact a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment. Also, if the dog is very old or very young, it is best to consult a veterinarian, rather than attempting to cure him/her at home.

Deductive Reasoning Examples

Examples of deductive reasoning help a person understand this type of reasoning better. Given below, are a few examples that explain this concept clearly...

Deductive reasoning is a logical assumption or conclusion, that is drawn from valid or invalid premises. In deductive reasoning, no other facts, other than the given premises, are considered.

What is Deductive Reasoning?

Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning, the other one being inductive reasoning. The main difference between these two types of reasoning is that, inductive reasoning argues from a specific to a general base, whereas deductive reasoning goes from a general to a specific instance. Also, deductive reasoning, unlike inductive reasoning, is something that is based on a premise and then follows accordingly. Inductive and deductive arguments differ with regard to the standards of evaluation that are applicable to them. Thus, deductive reasoning is the method by which, conclusions are drawn on the basis of proofs, and not merely by assuming or thinking about a predetermined clause. The basic principle on which deductive reasoning is based, is a well-known mathematical formula;

If, 1 = 2 (premise)
and 2 = 3 (premise)
then, 1 = 3 (conclusion)
The conclusion drawn in the above example, is a but obvious fact in the premise.

Similar relationships can be established by following a liner logic, wherein, one premise follows up on the other. Deductive arguments can only be valid or invalid, sound or unsound or true or false, because the statement that is derived may be true, but in the context of the derived conclusion, it may not be valid. A deductive argument can be valid, only if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises given. If the conclusion is incorrect, then one of the premises must be faulty or true only for a specific situation, which is not applicable to all situations. A valid deductive argument with true premises is said to be sound, whereas, a deductive argument which is invalid or has one or more false premises or both, is said to be unsound. An argument is valid when both the premises are true and the conclusion that is derived from them cannot be false.
Examples of Deductive Reasoning

Given below are a few examples that will help you understand this concept better:

All oranges are fruits
All fruits grow on trees
Therefore, all oranges grow on trees
All bachelors are single
Johnny is single,
Hence, Johnny is a bachelor
The above examples are valid and sound. Here are a few valid, but unsound examples;

All flight attendants know how to swim
Ralph knows how to swim
Hence, Ralph is a flight attendant.
The above conclusion is untrue, because it is not necessary that only flight attendants know how to swim. Absolutely any swimmer can swim.

Sometimes, deductive reasoning can be established, even without the help of syllogisms. Given below are a few examples of deductive reasoning without syllogisms.

Everyday I go to work.
This journey from my home to my office takes me one hour (premise).
I have to report at eight o' clock in the morning (premise).
So, if I leave my house at seven o' clock in the morning, I will reach office in time (conclusion).
From the second and third statements in the above example, the fourth statement is concluded.

Don't touch the dog's bone, he will bite you.
Through this statement, it is understood that dogs bite (or that a specific dog, bites).

There are also chances of deductive reasoning examples that go from specific to general. These are rare and generally have a lot of premises, each of which follow upon the previous one. Given below is one such example:

The members of Hassling family are Betty, Aaron and Lucas.
Betty is thin
Aaron is thin
Lucas is thin
Therefore, all members of the Hassling family are thin.
With the help of these examples, you must have understood what deductive reasoning is. It may seem simple, but it can go wrong in more than one ways. When deductive reasoning leads to a faulty conclusion, the reason is often that the given premise was faulty. Thus, the premises used in deductive reasoning are in many ways the most important part of the entire process of deductive reasoning, as was proved by the help of the above given examples. Thus, if they are wrong, the entire foundation of the whole line of reasoning is faulty and thus, the conclusions derived will also be faulty. However, at times, even if the logic is not executed properly, the conclusion may be wrong. So, to minimize the chances of this mistake from happening, it is best to not assume anything, and to only accept what has been mentioned.

Deductive reasoning is mostly confused with inductive reasoning. Let us understand inductive reasoning to avoid confusion.
What is Inductive Reasoning?

Inductive reasoning is the conclusion that is assumed from the known facts by human beings till date. It is a conclusion derived from general knowledge. It states generalized facts from observations of a regular pattern of anything. These observations are subject to change or remain constant, depending on (changes in) further observations. Every human being has a natural trait of inductive reasoning. Some are strong while some are a little weak at it.
Examples of Inductive Reasoning

You have a very good friend circle. (premise)
Therefore, you are very good. (conclusion)
In the above example, the person is being judged. The judgment may not necessarily be true. Even if it is, you can never say if it is temporarily or permanently true.

All the swans that I have seen till date are white in color. Therefore, all swans are white.
This year began very well for me. So, this is a lucky year.
In all the above examples, there is a sense of a generalized judgment, which may or may not turn out to be true. Whereas in deductive reasoning, there is no judgment. The conclusions are mostly true, based on the given situation.